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AI Systemscomplex complexity

AI Agent Orchestration

Architecture for multi-step AI agents covering planning, tool use, memory, evaluation, and human-in-the-loop controls.

7

Components

5

Considerations

4

Alternatives

complex

Complexity

Fit

When this blueprint fits

And when to walk away from it

When to use this

Your AI feature is more than a single model call: it plans steps, calls tools, accumulates context, and makes decisions over time. Coding assistants, research agents, and workflow automation all live here.

When NOT to use this

If a single LLM call with retrieval solves the problem, do not introduce an agent loop. Agents add cost, latency, and failure modes proportional to step count.

Architecture

System components

Key building blocks of this architecture, layered from infrastructure up.

01

Planner

Decompose tasks into steps and choose tools per step. The planner is the brain of the agent; its quality bounds the whole system. Claude and GPT-4 class models are the only ones currently reliable enough for production planning loops.
ClaudeGPT-4Custom PlannerTree-of-Thought
02

Tool Registry

Versioned, strongly-typed tool definitions exposed to agents with permission scopes. Every tool has an OpenAPI-style spec, an explicit input schema, and a documented failure mode. The registry is the agent's contract with the world.
JSON SchemaOpenAPITool Use APIMCP
03

Memory

Short-term working context and long-term semantic memory for cross-session continuity. Short-term is the conversation window plus structured scratchpad. Long-term lives in a vector store keyed by user and topic. See the RAG blueprint.
RedispgvectorMem0Letta
04

Execution Runtime

Step-by-step runtime with retries, timeouts, parallel tool calls, and full tracing. Temporal or Inngest give you durable execution. Without durability, a crashed agent loses its progress and frustrates users.
TemporalInngestLangGraphCustom Loop
05

Human-in-the-Loop

Approval gates for high-stakes actions, with clear UI for review and the ability to amend the agent's plan. Sending an email, running a migration, or moving money should always pause for approval until the agent has earned that trust.
SlackCustom UIWebhooksEmail Approvals
06

Eval and Replay

Trace storage with replay for debugging and evaluation. An agent gone wrong without a trace is unsolvable. Every tool call, every model response, every decision branch goes into the trace store.
LangfuseHeliconeBraintrustOpenTelemetry
07

Cost and Step Bounds

Hard limits on cost per run, steps per task, and concurrent agents per user. Runaway agents are the single biggest financial risk in production. Kill switches and budget alerts are launch-day features.
Budget AlertsStep LimitsKill Switches

Planning

Critical considerations

The things I have learned the hard way and would not skip on the next build.

Strict tool typing prevents most agent failure modes. Validate inputs and outputs on every tool call; reject malformed requests early rather than letting the agent hallucinate parameters.
Always log full traces. Debugging an agent without them is hopeless because the failure mode is usually a single bad reasoning step buried in a chain of twenty calls.
Bound cost and steps per run with hard kill switches. The agent that wakes you up at 3am to confirm a $400 OpenAI bill is the same one that confidently exfiltrated your data on attempt 47.
Decide where the human approval points are before launch. Productivity gains evaporate if every action needs approval, but ungated agents in regulated domains are a non-starter. Tier actions by risk.
Want an agent build partner? AI integration service.

Options

Alternative approaches

Where I would consider a different shape entirely, with the trade-offs spelled out.

Alternative 01
LangGraph for graph-based orchestration when you want explicit state transitions and conditional flows.
Alternative 02
CrewAI for role-based multi-agent when the task decomposes naturally into specialists.
Alternative 03
Direct tool use without an orchestration layer for simpler single-step tool calls.
Alternative 04
MCP-based architectures when interoperability across multiple agent clients matters.
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